Free Our Books

What's it all about?

Once upon a time, the only way to read someone's writing was through the physical medium of books. That is no more.

Yet, new forms of electronic text distribution and use have not benefited most those who fund the majority of academic production.Public funds pay vast majority of the academic research; the results should therefore be public. Inexpensive electronic publishing should make this possible. But private publishing companies still own these results, and restrict access to them by charging exorbitant fees. In the case of academic journals, publishing companies are making huge profits by requiring publicly funded universities to pay very high subscription fees on behalf of students and academics. 

We, the citizens, through the state, pay for the production of academic books and research papers twice, first through salaries and research grants, and second through the purchase of books and journal subscriptions. This is how the the most fundamental principles of academia, to study and to share its findings, are obstructed, and its operation is made far more expensive and cumbersome. Good news is that this has been partially recognised and Research Councils UK (RCUK) has pushed hard (2005) in the direction of both mandatory self archiving (2006) of all research outputs and open access in general.

Read more HERE

Scan This Book

http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/14/magazine/14publishing.html?ex=1305259200en=c07443d368771bb8ei=5090&pagewanted=print

Pirate Philosophy

New-ish book (Jan 2009) on Political Myth

Here's the link for review...

Boer elaborates a theory of political myth in dialogue with Ernst Bloch, Theodor Adorno, Alain Badiou, Jacques Lacan, and Slavoj Žižek. Through close readings of well-known biblical stories he then scrutinizes the nature of political myth in light of feminism, psychoanalysis, and Marxism. Turning to contemporary politics, he examines the statements of prominent American and Australian politicians to show how the stories of Creation, conquest, Paradise, and the Promised Land have been distorted into a fantasy of Israel as a perpetual state in the making and a land in need of protection.

Reading Here and There

http://www.3quarksdaily.com/3quarksdaily/2009/05/a-bomb-wont-go-off-here.html

http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/todorov5

http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/27/opinion/27taylor.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all

http://chronicle.com/free/v55/i30/30a02101.htm


Enjoy

Thanks and goodbye

Hi Everyone,

Just a quick note to say thank you for being such a good class. We've particularly appreciated your contributions to this blog. We'll be in touch soon with your outstanding marks for the year. For those of you who have exams, good luck! For those of you who don't, enjoy the summer!

Sian, James and Fabio

Farewell

Well done all on your presentations. Its been fun. goodbye.
greg.

Kristen's Self-analysis

I found it a little difficult to decide how i wanted to rewrite this story initially, I think partly because I was thinking about it a little too much, I wanted to be able to put all of the details into my retelling but in more subtle and unspecific ways but I didnt know who I wanted to tell the story through. When we were first given the assignment I sat down and wrote out a quick summary of the story and parts of it that I could rememeber, not in any particular order but just a couple of sentences here and there. I realised that none of what I had written actually included many specific details of the events of the story but rather I happened to write down what I thought they were thinking at the time of big events, their confusions and emotions, so rather than thinking about it further I decided to leave all of it untill before we had to post it up on the blog. But then when I came to write it out again my perspective of each characters emotions, or importance within the story had changed somewhat.

I wanted to give each main character the chance to speak, so I started with Persephones mother. I think initially her character comes across as slightly weaker, missing a part of her (her daughter) that obviously seems so important. I think I showed the mothers sense of separation from her daughter a lot more strongly than Persephones concerns over missing her mother. Possibly because it can be more difficult for a parent to let go than the child, I did want this to ring through whiles I painted the picture of the mother. However when she releases herself from the tasks of caring for the earth I hoped for this to show her strength and control. She is responsible for the continuation of the earth really, so her demands for the people to fend for themselves was supposed to show how integral to the story she is, even if she appears weak at times.

Persephones character is supposed to show an adolescent girl in an undecided yet curious mind. She is concerned for her present situation, somewhere unknown, taken unwillingly, however she's willing to find out what opportunities her present situation can bring her. If she can overcome her fears and give in to the temptation of curiosity then a world of new possibilities could be opened to her.
I gave Hades a relatively small space to voice his intentions because I didn't think that his story needed an excessive amount of explination. In my retelling of this story I gave Hades a role that was more obligatory than anything else. I wanted to give the impression that his job of manning the underworld was not because he was incessently evil but that he felt that it was just 'the way the world worked'. Someone had to have the job, so why not him, and so why fight it? The more you resist the more difficult to accept it will be. This is what Hades here was to sell to Persephone, 'Don't fight being my wife, I'll treat you alright so you may as well try an enjoy yourself.' However his words and manner of speach still has an air of authority and strength showing the importance and power he has as master of the underworld. I put his words in itallics as well to show a break and change in character.

The last paragraph of speach was supposed to be Zeus. I had intended to make this paragraph bold to give the text an extra dimension that highlighted Zeus' apparent position of authority, King of Gods, and well I suppose if there was a hierarchy lets say he would be at the top. But apparently I unfortunately forgot to change the text to bold so none of you would have picked up on that but at least now I get a chance to explain. However despite this and without the bold text, I think that Zeus appears to be slighlty powerless towards the situation. Persephone ate some of the pomegranates and because of this she is bound by rule to spend part of the year on earth and another part in the underworld as Hades' wife. But again I think its shows how they choose to accept its 'the way the world works', we don't see Zeus trying to fight the fact that Persephone has to spend time with Hades in the underworld. It was also supposed to show how the Gods are dependent on the earth for certain things, kind of highlighting a slightly subtle tone of vanity among the Gods as they rely on offerings from the earth to a certain degree.

As a whole I'm not sure how inventive my story ended up as I tried to stick to a more convetional retelling of the story but I just wanted to highlight more subtle tones of emotions and possibilities by narrating the inner thoughts of these characters and I hope it came through a little in my story!

David Foster Wallace: Octet. Story

Hello all. Hope you are enjoying your holiday/working hard. Thought some of you might be interested in this short story by David Foster Wallace. May offer some entertaining relief from essay grind. Its a piece of meta-fiction about writing meta-fiction, deconstruction, de-centering of subject etc. but funny. Its from his collection 'Brief interviews with hideous men' Bye. Greg. 

Download it here: Octet

The Rape of Proserpina

We wanted to tell the story in a way that would represent the cyclical, seasonal sub-plot of the myth, but that would allow the narrative to become malleable for the performers. To do this we started by reading Ted Hughes' 'The Rape of Proserpina' together. We then encouraged Franny (who is our Persephone) to improvise whilst we directed the passage of events. We wanted to break down the linear, the inevitability of the story, and so we edited the film with stops and starts, déjà vu’s and points of indecision. These moments represent the immediate choices that both Persephone and Franny had to make during their saga. We tried to suggest in the film that the understanding of the story is different from the different perspectives of viewer, actor, camera man etc. To demonstrate this we chose to represent events in the story in a mixed up way, so that Persephone is searching for herself and she ends up where she started. In this way we tried to undermine the duality of underworld/overworld, reflection and action. Therefore the ice - that is the crystalline separation between one form and another - is smashed, time spills over, and it is from the cave that Persephone is regenerated. (Ed and Theo)

Bidi's Analysis

My motivation for my adaptation of the Persephone and Demeter myth was personal and practical. The elements or ‘make-up’ of the tale, the backdrop of the plantation, the choice of patois, the characters and their roles and locating the tale at a specific time was deliberate. What I wished to do was deconstruct and convey a reality by using the patois of the region.
What follows is not an exhaustive exploration and I offer an open invitation to any who wish to explore my motivations further. I ask only to wait till after the exam period!
Briefly then, the tale was told as a reaction to European academia, and I also aimed it as a challenge for others who may be surrounded by that blissful state of not thinking ‘native’. Added to this was the paucity of materials on offer of ethnically diverse narratives on myth and mythmaking. Secondly I offered the tale in patois as a challenge to any to attempt to read and understand this form of communication.
During the slave trade methods of constructing units that would function and operate at maximum capacity was the prime motivator for plantation owners to maintain their economic wealth and status. Women were used as breeding stock without slave owners having to consider any form of disguise in order to carry out the practice for it to be acknowledged. In attempting to convey a legacy of myth from the bottom up so to speak, I used this language and setting which for me demonstrate how ideology, practices and narratives of myth are acted upon without the illusion of any type of filter to disguise its application. I really did not want the retelling to be another scholarly undertaking but an experience of the reality of the consequences of myth in practice not only in the past but how its legacy continues in the hear and now. The retelling invites the reader to consider through a different lens the multi layered social and lived experience of slaves.
Finally some layers: Language, politics, economics, race, religion, identity….etc. etc.etc.

Rachel's Analysis

I suppose that I took the structuralist approach to this one – being a big fan of Barthes. I used the title ‘Repeated Themes’ to demonstrate the re-use and reshaping of similar themes throughout history. Nothing is original, it is only perhaps arranged in a different order making it take on perhaps a different meaning.

I did not create my own material for my themes I simply pouched and edited for my own uses material that was already their, conveniently available. Some of the clips you will recognise from popular culture and perhaps previous culturally and historical assigned meaning to them. Other clips are home videos and you are able to assign your own meaning according to your own context to them. Of course it everything is always according to your own constructed context. Not all of the screams are horror but it you may think they are when placed under a certain ‘theme’.

Why I told the story the way I did...

The tale brought me back to my childhood reminding me of what it is like to be a small human being and what it is like to listen and not understand and try and make sense out of things that seem impossible to grasp. I chose to re-tell the story by drawing it. It seemed appropriate, as if it was not leaving a trace of me as much as it would have, had I written. The freeness of expression was tempting to me and not using written words was tempting. The childlike drawings, as drawn by my boyfriend, seemed right for what I was trying to express - the pending sense of reluctance to say what is felt. Perhaps drawing was my disguise. Perhaps also it was saying that sometimes words can be inadequate. I wanted to make the story anonymous and free for interpretation to others. I added a poem to the drawings by Ivor Cutler. The poem to me is about a journey and although so short, for me it expresses so much about what a journey is like. What I grasped from the Demeter and Persephone myth was exactly that - a sense of a journey into the unknown, a transition through from a place known to a place unknown, and the amnesia-like state along the way, a state of incapability to sense the movement as it happens, a state of incapacity to know oneself...

The self-analysis bit..

It's difficult for me to really even begin to explain where that myth version came from because I feel like I wrote it pretty unconsciously. I put it off until pretty much the last minute then sat down and basically forced myself to vomit words onto a page, but I think in the act of doing that it became something quite revealing - I don't think it was very clever or very evocative or very good writing, but looking back at it I find it interesting.

Originally, I planned to write my version from Hades' perspective. I've always felt a degree of identification with those kinds of characters, stretching right back to when I first read myths as a child. I think I've always rejected the traditional, savagely masculine heroes and king-figures in favour of more morally ambiguous and conniving characters, perhaps because they reminded me (and still do) of a lot of my own personality quirks and flaws.

The way I've tended to see it on previous readings, Hades is actually the weakest character in this story, because he needs Persephone in a way she doesn't need him. His need to control her is, to me, a sign of his own inherent weakness - it's his acknowledgement that ultimately she has no need of him. At the same time, there's an ambiguity between the two because, for all his emotional weakness, he does have the raw power to restrict her. While I wanted that ambiguity to have a role, I didn't actually run with it as far as I could or should have done. I think the reason I ultimately switched to Persephone's perspective was because I felt I could write from the stronger position through that character, and besides, it wasn't as dangerously close to home. I actually think if I'd been a bit braver and more willing to expose myself, I could have done something better.

Entailed in my empathy with this (entirely inflected and unspoken) part of the story, though, I think there's a consequent rejection of the mother/daughter love story which seems to be the major focus in most of the retellings I've seen. I wanted to portray a maternal love which is just as possessive and obsessional, because I'm afraid to say that's largely my experience.

What I tried to do with my version, and I don't think it worked, was make that (the paragraphs of crap above) explicit. I was aware that I wasn't playfully and neutrally adopting a position so much as trying to get a view back on myself from a different position, so I wanted to try and make the separation between the characters and myself intentionally vague. I wanted to make clear that it was an imaginative excercise on my part purely for my benefit and that what I was writing and thinking at the time had nothing to do with the actual story itself so much as how it related back to me. At the same time, because I knew I'd have to post it, I think I was constantly aware of the presence of a reader, and slightly worried by that, so I endeavoured to incorporate a fictional reader (who again, I think was just a reflection on myself) to highlight the artifical nature of an enclosed narrative, and futility of trying to describe a story (which is really a story about myself) in the face of someone else and their preconditions.

Finally, I think I wanted to have a go at the way I've always been told to read myths, as some kind of functional or utilitarian construct. I've always been told that that particular story serves as a parable for marriage and the conflicting emotions and ambiguous liminal states people experience, or that it's some kind of pre-scientific substitute explanation for the passing of the seasons, so I suppose I just wanted to throw in the final word that it doesn't have to be that simple or functional, and actually, I think it's much more important to indulge your own reading than to look for metaphorical explanations.

Explaining Demeter and Persephone

For me the myth of Demeter and Persephone speaks of the intimate love between mother and child and the fact that their wholeness is dependent on this bond. I chose to re-tell the myth of Demeter and Persephone through employing a non-gender specific symbolic image by the artist Amanda Shelsher, combined with the musical piece 'Et Misericordia' by Vivaldi. To me this image, coupled with this music, with its plurality of voices, speaks of love, humanity, vulnerability, and emotional tenderness and dependency between two humans. It speaks of helplessness in the face of uncontrollable events and the misery of life, and of human despair and beauty. It symbolizes the parent's protective love and bond with its child, and more generally the bond between any people who may rely on one another for understanding, compassion and empathy.

Demeter and Persephone, I think.

I think that I just told it in the most obvious way for me, quite personally and so perhaps less challenging of the ‘original’. Having left home quite suddenly at a relatively young age, I identified with the mother-daughter relationship from the perspective of Persephone, but for this to be the case she had to be at the decisive centre (!) of the story rather than a pawn around which to make the rest of the story play.

I was particularly interested in the mother-daughter relationship and the extreme closeness that holds it. I wanted to look at what happens to its intensity when it is forcibly separated, particularly when the separating force is internal and not imposed from without (as is implied in the original versions), and so in my version Persephone left of her own inquisitive impulse. I saw a lot of complexities in that movement and enormous emotional confusion, especially a kind of unrequited guilt and a certain nostalgia which is coloured by both her own complicity and the forever-irreversible nature of separation. I wanted her to have a certain agency and a power in that propulsion.

I tried to show the unspoken emotional understanding between them, conveyed almost in a physical way from body to body, particularly when the relationship is so confined and intensified, when one psyche seeks refuge in another. I hoped that it would be read not as a criticism of Demeter, whose strength I hope I conveyed, but rather as a display of the precariousness (this is complimentary to her immense strength, not in opposition of it) of her position both physically and emotionally, but more importantly, that it might pose a question about the possibility of protecting innocence. I thought it was particularly interesting to consider the processes and decisions which go into how the other, particularly a loved other, is protected. There is always a sacrifice in every decision, I wanted to show, particularly through the character of Persephone, the certain sense of inevitability with which painful decisions are made: decisions which are taken that are violent to the self, and in this case, to the mother. I think that the idea of protection is hugely difficult anyway and when it is set in a parent-child dynamic it is all the more charged, i particularly wanted to demonstrate the two-way nature of the desire to protect, and so Persephone’s pain and concern for Demeter has the same element of wanting to protect. This notion of protection coupled with guilt is explored both in Demeter and Persephone. There is a lot of guilt in my story which is associated with the power of decisions and actions and a certain empathy of how these actions resonate for others and how all of these factors do not synchronise. I wanted to question whether guilt is just futile. It is the most self-attacking of emotions, which is why I wanted Demeter’s silent conveyance of her pain and past to Persephone to be understood as inevitable and not to be judged, it wasn’t a failure on her part, rather, i thought that the emotion and intention was quite beautiful: was a strength, not a weakness. Both Demeter and Persephone have a lot of power in my story and I think that the main point is regarding the difficulty of managing that power when the desire which motivates decisions is fragmentary, this is in direct opposition to the ‘original’ which seems to suggest that choice isn’t really an issue, that it is simply a case of actions being made either in the name of the morally good or the morally bad.

I wanted to look at the creativity which can at times come out of depressive states. Of course this is already there in the main plot of the story, but the creativity of springtime in the traditional version is born of the joy which overrides the depression, whereas I wanted to show another creativity in more direct correlation with Persephone’s own depression: she created a kind of poetic counter-cycle. I was inspired in this by Julia Kristeva’s Black Sun in which she inquires into incidences of creativity from melancholia and other supposedly non-conducive states, I was particularly interested in Dostoevsky’s epilepsy which Kristeva dedicates a chapter to, and to which he infers in The Idiot. Again, i saw the creativity as testament to the strength of the characters and hope that a destructive creation wasn’t automatically branded negatively.

Myth Myth Myth

Demeter's story; notes, explanations and motivations.

My re-telling of the story of Demeter is as much about an awkward teenager forced out of his own context --by having to do work experience in an old people's home-- than it is about Demeter herself. He comes into contact with a parallel society that has been violently separated from his own, in the form of an old people's home. They seem to live lives that are similar, but somehow removed from his. Everyday tasks are transformed as in their detail into alien rituals and ceremonies.

He meets Demeter, one of the residents, and is told the story of the loss of Persephone. The factual reality of her story remains purposely ambiguous throughout, with earth-splitting etc. plausibly being metaphorical language. It also relied on the reader (the myth class) knowing the details of the myth, which were alluded to.

At the end of the story the nurse tells the boy that Demeter didn't have a daughter. Her story is real in that it comes from experiences in her life, her youth, but they have been reconfigured into a different narrative that serves a different purpose. The Eleusinians are the resident's of the home --Eleusina-- as well as being the followers of the Eleusinian mysteries, which relate to the cult of Demeter and Persephone. For both Eleusinians Demeter's story is about renewal and the natural cycles of life and the seasons. The myth still wields its power, to the extent that the question of whether it’s factually true or false is no longer the primary concern.

I also included at the head of the story an extract from the Antonio Machado poem 'Proverbios y cantares XXIX'. It is purposely not referenced or translated in faux modernist style (can you be any other type of modernist in postmodernity?).

Al andar se hace el camino,

y al volver la vista atrás

se ve la senda que nunca

se ha de volver a pisar.

In walking the path is made

And on turning one’s sight back

The path is visible that never

Will be trodden again

This seemed a pertinent motif for old age and Demeter's story, as well as the mythmaking power of the telling itself. In this narrative the idea of old age, loss of memory and fantasy came together. In the vagaries of reality, fiction and the inevitable deterioration of the body Demeter still finds meaning through narrating herself and her story, as well as providing a mythic narrative of renewal and worth for her aged co-habitants. The device of the work-experiencing boy is an attempt to highlight the utterly foreign nature of the discourse/paradigm these people inhabit. Entering into their world he sees a reality constructed around different assumptions, expectations, needs. It is this realization of utter difference, rather than an attempt to cross the divide, that serves as the boy’s revelation.

One can therefore see the story as the moralizing Myth I probably wanted it to be.

Myth Myth Myth...

Clare's post-analysis analysis.

Read my Penni does Pomegranate myth HERE

For me, the purpose of education is to enable us to understand and, therefore, attempt to transform the material world around us which, from a classical Marxist approach, will have an impact upon the ideological superstructure. My story, then, aimed to challenge the way we are conditioned to see things to help us understand contradictions in life which prevent us from making these changes.

This was not so much an exercise in l'ecriture feminine but rather an attempt at applying a semi-post-structuralist-realist(!) technique of literary practice to an analysis that employs a non-universalising materialist conception of the world as its theory. Realism as a literary genre is not intended to be realistic per se: by removing any fanciful extras I sought to provide a truthful rendering of typical characters under (fairly) typical circumstances in order to explore the conflict ridden and contradictory nature of social relations—of production and also sexual—by overemphasising the relationship between the unconscious and those relations.

I aimed to demonstrate this through both form and content.

The form was deliberately confusing. In the first instance I wanted the aesthetic quality of my myth to urge the reader to question the way we are conditioned to see things. The story (does not) start(s) with the interwoven secret 'thoughts to self/reader' which I hoped would compel the reader to emphathise with Demeter. In a post-structuralist fashion I played with the order of these interjections: the opening one spoke about a drought which had not yet happened, in fact the next section spoke about watering plants and tending fields which was the binary opposite of a drought. But to also highlight that these oppositions are not equal;one is always valourised over the other and in fact sets the limits for the oppressed other. The first part of the final interjections could have been placed near the beginning after he (who was he?) cooked the meal. I did this to illuminate that the unconscious fills in gaps and makes concrete that which is not and to show how dialectical processes are at play in that the reader imparts their own experiences on a text. They were not intended to be the story proper but rather constantly referring to something else to show that language is not always so clear cut. I did this to demonstrate that, in the words of Derrida, 'there is no outside the text'... It is often what we don't say that speaks volumes and this absence is still present in the text. I also employed labels at the bottom of the post to reinforce this. Finally on form, the myth was set a-historically to prove Levi-Strauss' proposition that the mind attempts to make sense of, and control, nature in exactly the same way across time thereby dispelling the myth of the pensé sauvage.

Content. I aimed to demonstrated how when the means of production, in this case the fields, are controlled individually by an elite, as opposed to collectively by those who operate them, ideology serves to fill the gap between being alienated from the means of production and the unconscious representation of it. By appropriating the land the ruling class accordingly altered the forces of production and transformed the relations of production and, if we accept the premise that the ideas of every epoch are those of the ruling class, we see how the lies about the bare land were implemented to justify oppression and divisions in society. I played with tropes of class and class division to highlight how they have an impact upon constructions of gender formation and divisions, sexuality and heteronormativity and to challenge other socially accepted norms such as what constitutes a 'family': who exactly were the 'four of us' who went to the city? Who did Zeus find on Demeter's breast? Even the concept of, or signifier, 'mother' is not concrete. Ownership of women is also shown here as an effect of the concept of land-ownership. And, finally, Demeter referred to god as both a transcendental god but also as the self-image of man. This contradiction again shows how ideology, in this case religion, is a necessary product of unfree social conditions (alienation from means of production and unconscious acceptance of oppressive property relations) as explained before.

When in the story I wrote 'I'm not sure if it's seeing me in pain or the milk that he loves but none-the-less I wish he would return to just cooking for us in exchange for sex', I aimed to retrieve Freud's analysis of the object of desire and to confront Lacan when he says that 'desire' is merely a desire for the others desire. Desire is always culturally and historically relative and partly because for Lacan desire has no aim it leaves the analyist to concentrate their psychoanalytic techniques on only the adjustment of the individual whereas for Freud changing the individual rather than the world was a neurotic response.

Another contradiction in a conflict ridden world is when Demeter went on sex-strike. This was, of course, a metaphor for the resistance to patriarchal rule but also highlighted how individual actions do not in and of themselves endure any permanent change. The struggle for emancipation can only be enacted collectively which is why at the end they didn't live happily ever after. They only 'live' which was intended to be a dangling signifier to indicate that the story was not complete (with no full stop) and this analysis also ends with no full stop since I do not believe that Marxism is a complete, universalising finished product and never will be.

On my analysis itself. I appreciate there are many other things I could point out and analyse. Certainly my analysis would have been different if I had written it at the time of writing my myth. My plan for the form and content was there from the beginning; but to what extent were these conscious intentions? Has my recent essay on Levi-Strauss and further readings on Freud enabled me to prove what they propose?

And finally; my authorial intention was to 'cut out' that which would make my myth appropriate to my political beliefs. And further the dialectic of intertextuality shows how we are all connected in this world whether we like it or not...

Playing at being a Roman poet

My version of the myth focuses on one particular episode in the story, in which Demeter roams the earth in search of her daughter.  I chose to focus on one episode—and specifically one emotion—so as to convey the desperate and debilitating sense of grief that a mother experiences at the loss of her daughter.

The choice to focus on a emotion as the structure for my re-telling of the myth is, in large part inspired by my classical background.  In Greek 'myth' the pantheon of gods was partly comprised of minor deities who controlled the human condition; there are perhaps more commonly known as abstract personifications such as Justice, Love, Fear or Death.  These ranged from emotions and states of mind, to aspects of the human condition, qualities or personality traits, and other abstract nouns.  During the 'Golden Age' of Latin literature, poets often emulated Greek literature, incorporating thematic and stylistic elements into their work, such as the use of these personifications in order to intimate the deeds and workings of the gods on the everyday lives of humans (deservedly or not).  Such personification and metaphorical descriptions were most famously used by Ovid and Virgil (cf. Ovid Met.11.600ff, Met.8.750ff, Virgil Aen.4.174ff).  Having read Ovid a long time ago at school, I revisited the Metamorphoses for inspiration for my personification allegory.  As I hadn't remembered reading a personification for Grief, I decided to use this as my abstract noun.  Ovid used the Latin form of the word—as opposed to the Greek—in his allegories, which I also used in my re-telling. The word dolor in Latin means grief, but it also means pain (as in physical pain), both of which I imagined Demeter would experience.  In Ovid and Virgil's work, much time is spent creating an image of the deity for the reader, particularly a full description of their physical characteristics, which embody the trait of the deity (Somnus is nodding himself to sleep, Fames is wasting away with hunger).  In fact, much of my re-telling is the story of Dolor, and the consequence that his presence has for Demeter (unfortunately I did not find a suitable female  noun for Grief, however this male messenger for the gods may also allude to another aspect of the myth: the unjust suffering of a woman at the hands of one of the chief 'architects' of the patriarchal classical world). 

I tried to incorporate thematic elements as used by Roman authors—personification of the deity (including a description of their appearance) and the consequences of their presence, in this case, the actual Grief that Demeter would suffer—as well as stylistic elements, including a tricolon simile, a chiasmus, epithets, and allusions to other events and ideas not included in my re-telling but which are part of the general story. I also changed the goddesses names to Ceres and Proserpina, which are the Roman versions of their Greek names.

In focusing on this one moment in the 'myth', I wanted to concentrate completely on Demeter's sense of anguish and grief at the loss of her daughter, and the helplessness of her situation.  This helplessness is brought out by the use of an external actor, Grief, as the figure who torments her every turn, whilst Demeter is condemned to a double suffering: the loss of her daughter and the constant presence of the deity.  Her suffering is made even more distressing with our knowledge of her divinity; most persons affected by the gods were humans, and her irrepressible suffering indicates the raw emotions that all individuals experience. I think this use of abstract nouns indicates the purpose for which they were used: to show the vulnerability of individuals at the hands of uncontrollable forces (as it was assumed in Classical Antiquity and perhaps still today?).  Demeter suffers because of Grief, and humans on earth suffer because of Demeter.  The 'myth' finishes by alluding back to the cause of this mother's anguish, and is the last word of my re-telling, the sign of her beloved daughter and the root of her grief, Persephone.

Final Question

What do you now think the object of mythology is? What is myth as an object? What does Ellwood mean when he says that 'myth was important as the bearer of the "Other"'? Do you agree? Given the sinister history of mythology is it now time to put a stop to it as a field of study? Is it 'obsolete'?

Also, remember to prepare a few words to say about your next essay, for tomorrow we'll have some case-studies brainstorming for you to have an idea of what the others are working onto.